Returns a CDATA section with the given content. CDATA sections are used to escape blocks of text containing characters which would otherwise be recognized as markup. CDATA sections begin with the string <![CDATA[ and end with (and may not contain) the string ]]>.

cdata_section("<hello world>")
# => <![CDATA[<hello world>]]>

cdata_section(File.read("hello_world.txt"))
# => <![CDATA[<hello from a text file]]>

cdata_section("hello]]>world")
# => <![CDATA[hello]]]]><![CDATA[>world]]>

Returns an HTML block tag of type name surrounding the content. Add HTML attributes by passing an attributes hash to options. Instead of passing the content as an argument, you can also use a block in which case, you pass your options as the second parameter. Set escape to false to disable escaping. Note: this is legacy syntax, see tag method description for details.

Options

The options hash can be used with attributes with no value like (disabled and readonly), which you can give a value of true in the options hash. You can use symbols or strings for the attribute names.

Examples

content_tag(:p, "Hello world!")
 # => <p>Hello world!</p>
content_tag(:div, content_tag(:p, "Hello world!"), class: "strong")
 # => <div class="strong"><p>Hello world!</p></div>
content_tag(:div, "Hello world!", class: ["strong", "highlight"])
 # => <div class="strong highlight">Hello world!</div>
content_tag(:div, "Hello world!", class: ["strong", { highlight: current_user.admin? }])
 # => <div class="strong highlight">Hello world!</div>
content_tag("select", options, multiple: true)
 # => <select multiple="multiple">...options...</select>

<%= content_tag :div, class: "strong" do -%>
  Hello world!
<% end -%>
 # => <div class="strong">Hello world!</div>

Returns an escaped version of html without affecting existing escaped entities.

escape_once("1 < 2 &amp; 3")
# => "1 &lt; 2 &amp; 3"

escape_once("&lt;&lt; Accept & Checkout")
# => "&lt;&lt; Accept &amp; Checkout"

Returns an HTML tag.

Building HTML tags

Builds HTML5 compliant tags with a tag proxy. Every tag can be built with:

tag.<tag name>(optional content, options)

where tag name can be e.g. br, div, section, article, or any tag really.

Passing content

Tags can pass content to embed within it:

tag.h1 'All titles fit to print' # => <h1>All titles fit to print</h1>

tag.div tag.p('Hello world!')  # => <div><p>Hello world!</p></div>

Content can also be captured with a block, which is useful in templates:

<%= tag.p do %>
  The next great American novel starts here.
<% end %>
# => <p>The next great American novel starts here.</p>

Options

Use symbol keyed options to add attributes to the generated tag.

tag.section class: %w( kitties puppies )
# => <section class="kitties puppies"></section>

tag.section id: dom_id(@post)
# => <section id="<generated dom id>"></section>

Pass true for any attributes that can render with no values, like disabled and readonly.

tag.input type: 'text', disabled: true
# => <input type="text" disabled="disabled">

HTML5 data-* and aria-* attributes can be set with a single data or aria key pointing to a hash of sub-attributes.

To play nicely with JavaScript conventions, sub-attributes are dasherized.

tag.article data: { user_id: 123 }
# => <article data-user-id="123"></article>

Thus data-user-id can be accessed as dataset.userId.

Data attribute values are encoded to JSON, with the exception of strings, symbols, and BigDecimals. This may come in handy when using jQuery’s HTML5-aware .data() from 1.4.3.

tag.div data: { city_state: %w( Chicago IL ) }
# => <div data-city-state="[&quot;Chicago&quot;,&quot;IL&quot;]"></div>

The generated tag names and attributes are escaped by default. This can be disabled using escape.

tag.img src: 'open & shut.png'
# => <img src="open &amp; shut.png">

tag.img src: 'open & shut.png', escape: false
# => <img src="open & shut.png">

The tag builder respects HTML5 void elements if no content is passed, and omits closing tags for those elements.

# A standard element:
tag.div # => <div></div>

# A void element:
tag.br  # => <br>

Note that when using the block form options should be wrapped in parenthesis.

<%= tag.a(href: "/about", class: "font-bold") do %>
  About the author
<% end %>
# => <a href="/about" class="font-bold">About the author</a>

Building HTML attributes

Transforms a Hash into HTML attributes, ready to be interpolated into ERB. Includes or omits boolean attributes based on their truthiness. Transforms keys nested within aria: or data: objects into aria- and data- prefixed attributes:

<input <%= tag.attributes(type: :text, aria: { label: "Search" }) %>>
# => <input type="text" aria-label="Search">

<button <%= tag.attributes id: "call-to-action", disabled: false, aria: { expanded: false } %> class="primary">Get Started!</button>
# => <button id="call-to-action" aria-expanded="false" class="primary">Get Started!</button>

Legacy syntax

The following format is for legacy syntax support. It will be deprecated in future versions of Rails.

tag(name, options = nil, open = false, escape = true)

It returns an empty HTML tag of type name which by default is XHTML compliant. Set open to true to create an open tag compatible with HTML 4.0 and below. Add HTML attributes by passing an attributes hash to options. Set escape to false to disable attribute value escaping.

Options

You can use symbols or strings for the attribute names.

Use true with boolean attributes that can render with no value, like disabled and readonly.

HTML5 data-* attributes can be set with a single data key pointing to a hash of sub-attributes.

Examples

tag("br")
# => <br />

tag("br", nil, true)
# => <br>

tag("input", type: 'text', disabled: true)
# => <input type="text" disabled="disabled" />

tag("input", type: 'text', class: ["strong", "highlight"])
# => <input class="strong highlight" type="text" />

tag("img", src: "open & shut.png")
# => <img src="open &amp; shut.png" />

tag("img", { src: "open &amp; shut.png" }, false, false)
# => <img src="open &amp; shut.png" />

tag("div", data: { name: 'Stephen', city_state: %w(Chicago IL) })
# => <div data-name="Stephen" data-city-state="[&quot;Chicago&quot;,&quot;IL&quot;]" />

tag("div", class: { highlight: current_user.admin? })
# => <div class="highlight" />

Returns a string of tokens built from args.

Examples

token_list("foo", "bar")
 # => "foo bar"
token_list("foo", "foo bar")
 # => "foo bar"
token_list({ foo: true, bar: false })
 # => "foo"
token_list(nil, false, 123, "", "foo", { bar: true })
 # => "123 foo bar"