The channel provides the basic structure of grouping behavior into logical units when communicating over the WebSocket connection. You can think of a channel like a form of controller, but one that's capable of pushing content to the subscriber in addition to simply responding to the subscriber's direct requests.

Channel instances are long-lived. A channel object will be instantiated when the cable consumer becomes a subscriber, and then lives until the consumer disconnects. This may be seconds, minutes, hours, or even days. That means you have to take special care not to do anything silly in a channel that would balloon its memory footprint or whatever. The references are forever, so they won't be released as is normally the case with a controller instance that gets thrown away after every request.

Long-lived channels (and connections) also mean you're responsible for ensuring that the data is fresh. If you hold a reference to a user record, but the name is changed while that reference is held, you may be sending stale data if you don't take precautions to avoid it.

The upside of long-lived channel instances is that you can use instance variables to keep reference to objects that future subscriber requests can interact with. Here's a quick example:

class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
  def subscribed
    @room = Chat::Room[params[:room_number]]
  end

  def speak(data)
    @room.speak data, user: current_user
  end
end

The speak action simply uses the Chat::Room object that was created when the channel was first subscribed to by the consumer when that subscriber wants to say something in the room.

Action processing

Unlike subclasses of ActionController::Base, channels do not follow a RESTful constraint form for their actions. Instead, Action Cable operates through a remote-procedure call model. You can declare any public method on the channel (optionally taking a data argument), and this method is automatically exposed as callable to the client.

Example:

class AppearanceChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
  def subscribed
    @connection_token = generate_connection_token
  end

  def unsubscribed
    current_user.disappear @connection_token
  end

  def appear(data)
    current_user.appear @connection_token, on: data['appearing_on']
  end

  def away
    current_user.away @connection_token
  end

  private
    def generate_connection_token
      SecureRandom.hex(36)
    end
end

In this example, the subscribed and unsubscribed methods are not callable methods, as they were already declared in ActionCable::Channel::Base, but #appear and #away are. #generate_connection_token is also not callable, since it's a private method. You'll see that appear accepts a data parameter, which it then uses as part of its model call. #away does not, since it's simply a trigger action.

Also note that in this example, current_user is available because it was marked as an identifying attribute on the connection. All such identifiers will automatically create a delegation method of the same name on the channel instance.

Rejecting subscription requests

A channel can reject a subscription request in the subscribed callback by invoking the reject method:

class ChatChannel < ApplicationCable::Channel
  def subscribed
    @room = Chat::Room[params[:room_number]]
    reject unless current_user.can_access?(@room)
  end
end

In this example, the subscription will be rejected if the current_user does not have access to the chat room. On the client-side, the Channel#rejected callback will get invoked when the server rejects the subscription request.

Methods

Included Modules

Attributes

[R] connection
[R] identifier
[R] params

Class Public methods

action_methods()

A list of method names that should be considered actions. This includes all public instance methods on a channel, less any internal methods (defined on Base), adding back in any methods that are internal, but still exist on the class itself.

Returns

  • Set - A set of all methods that should be considered actions.

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 115
        def action_methods
          @action_methods ||= begin
            # All public instance methods of this class, including ancestors
            methods = (public_instance_methods(true) -
              # Except for public instance methods of Base and its ancestors
              ActionCable::Channel::Base.public_instance_methods(true) +
              # Be sure to include shadowed public instance methods of this class
              public_instance_methods(false)).uniq.map(&:to_s)
            methods.to_set
          end
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

new(connection, identifier, params = {})

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 142
      def initialize(connection, identifier, params = {})
        @connection = connection
        @identifier = identifier
        @params     = params

        # When a channel is streaming via pubsub, we want to delay the confirmation
        # transmission until pubsub subscription is confirmed.
        #
        # The counter starts at 1 because it's awaiting a call to #subscribe_to_channel
        @defer_subscription_confirmation_counter = Concurrent::AtomicFixnum.new(1)

        @reject_subscription = nil
        @subscription_confirmation_sent = nil

        delegate_connection_identifiers
      end
🔎 See on GitHub

Class Private methods

clear_action_methods!()

action_methods are cached and there is sometimes need to refresh them. ::clear_action_methods! allows you to do that, so next time you run action_methods, they will be recalculated.

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 131
          def clear_action_methods! # :doc:
            @action_methods = nil
          end
🔎 See on GitHub

method_added(name)

Refresh the cached action_methods when a new action_method is added.

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 136
          def method_added(name) # :doc:
            super
            clear_action_methods!
          end
🔎 See on GitHub

Instance Public methods

perform_action(data)

Extract the action name from the passed data and process it via the channel. The process will ensure that the action requested is a public method on the channel declared by the user (so not one of the callbacks like subscribed).

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 162
      def perform_action(data)
        action = extract_action(data)

        if processable_action?(action)
          payload = { channel_class: self.class.name, action: action, data: data }
          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("perform_action.action_cable", payload) do
            dispatch_action(action, data)
          end
        else
          logger.error "Unable to process #{action_signature(action, data)}"
        end
      end
🔎 See on GitHub

subscribe_to_channel()

This method is called after subscription has been added to the connection and confirms or rejects the subscription.

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 177
      def subscribe_to_channel
        run_callbacks :subscribe do
          subscribed
        end

        reject_subscription if subscription_rejected?
        ensure_confirmation_sent
      end
🔎 See on GitHub

Instance Private methods

defer_subscription_confirmation!()

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 226
        def defer_subscription_confirmation! # :doc:
          @defer_subscription_confirmation_counter.increment
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

defer_subscription_confirmation?()

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 230
        def defer_subscription_confirmation? # :doc:
          @defer_subscription_confirmation_counter.value > 0
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

ensure_confirmation_sent()

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 220
        def ensure_confirmation_sent # :doc:
          return if subscription_rejected?
          @defer_subscription_confirmation_counter.decrement
          transmit_subscription_confirmation unless defer_subscription_confirmation?
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

reject()

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 238
        def reject # :doc:
          @reject_subscription = true
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

subscribed()

Called once a consumer has become a subscriber of the channel. Usually the place to setup any streams you want this channel to be sending to the subscriber.

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 197
        def subscribed # :doc:
          # Override in subclasses
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

subscription_confirmation_sent?()

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 234
        def subscription_confirmation_sent? # :doc:
          @subscription_confirmation_sent
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

subscription_rejected?()

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 242
        def subscription_rejected? # :doc:
          @reject_subscription
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

transmit(data, via: nil)

Transmit a hash of data to the subscriber. The hash will automatically be wrapped in a JSON envelope with the proper channel identifier marked as the recipient.

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 209
        def transmit(data, via: nil) # :doc:
          status = "#{self.class.name} transmitting #{data.inspect.truncate(300)}"
          status += " (via #{via})" if via
          logger.debug(status)

          payload = { channel_class: self.class.name, data: data, via: via }
          ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument("transmit.action_cable", payload) do
            connection.transmit identifier: @identifier, message: data
          end
        end
🔎 See on GitHub

unsubscribed()

Called once a consumer has cut its cable connection. Can be used for cleaning up connections or marking users as offline or the like.

📝 Source code 
# File actioncable/lib/action_cable/channel/base.rb, line 203
        def unsubscribed # :doc:
          # Override in subclasses
        end
🔎 See on GitHub